{"id":3145,"date":"2025-10-29T11:57:38","date_gmt":"2025-10-29T02:57:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/xb317241.xbiz.jp\/?page_id=3145"},"modified":"2026-01-09T10:39:11","modified_gmt":"2026-01-09T01:39:11","slug":"liquefaction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/earthquake\/liquefaction\/","title":{"rendered":"Liquefaction Countermeasures"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quantitative Evaluation of the Liquefaction Mitigation Effect of the TNF 2.0 Method<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We verify the effectiveness of the TNF 2.0 method against liquefaction through FEM analysis and reflect the results in our designs. Liquefaction risk is evaluated using \u201cshear strain amplitude\u201d as an indicator, contributing to safe and reliable structural design.<\/p>\n\n\n<p><dl class=\"c_share\">\n  <dt>Share this article<\/dt>\n  <dd>\n        <nav aria-label=\"Social media\">\n      <ul>\n        <li>\n          <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/share.php?u=https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/earthquake\/liquefaction\/&t=Liquefaction Countermeasures\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/themes\/takeuchi\/img\/ico-facebook.svg\" alt=\"Facebook\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\">\n          <\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li>\n          <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/share?url=https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/earthquake\/liquefaction\/&text=Liquefaction Countermeasures\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/themes\/takeuchi\/img\/ico-x.svg\" alt=\"X\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\">\n          <\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li>\n          <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/social-plugins.line.me\/lineit\/share?url=https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/earthquake\/liquefaction\/&text=Liquefaction Countermeasures\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/themes\/takeuchi\/img\/ico-line.svg\" alt=\"LINE\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\">\n          <\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li>\n          <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/b.hatena.ne.jp\/add?mode=confirm&url=https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/earthquake\/liquefaction\/&$title=Liquefaction Countermeasures\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/themes\/takeuchi\/img\/ico-hatebu.png\" alt=\"Hatena Bookmark\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\">\n          <\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <!--<li>\n          <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/getpocket.com\/edit?url=https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/earthquake\/liquefaction\/&text=Liquefaction Countermeasures\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/themes\/takeuchi\/img\/ico-pocket.png\" alt=\"Pocket\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\">\n          <\/a>\n        <\/li>-->\n        <li>\n          <button>Copy link<\/button>\n        <\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/nav>\n  <\/dd>\n<\/dl><div class=\"c_toc\">\n  <nav aria-label=\"Table of contents\">\n    <p class=\"ttl\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n    <ul><\/ul>\n  <\/nav>\n<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Evaluation of Liquefaction Risk<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which ground behaves like a fluid due to strong shaking during large earthquakes. Sand and water may erupt to the ground surface, potentially causing serious damage such as building tilting and settlement. In particular, liquefaction occurring in soil layers up to approximately 6 meters below ground level is considered to have the greatest impact on buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The TNF 2.0 method is a shallow ground improvement technique that improves the soil approximately 2\u20133 meters directly beneath a building. By increasing the strength of layers prone to liquefaction, it prevents a reduction in ground bearing capacity. We numerically evaluate liquefaction risk using FEM time-history response analysis with a 3D ground model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Liquefaction Prevention Effect of the TNF 2.0 Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mechanism of Liquefaction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under normal conditions, soil particles support each other and remain stable. When this contact collapses due to seismic shaking, the ground temporarily loses its bearing capacity, and sand and water may erupt to the surface. As a result, damage such as building tilting may occur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large ptn_fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/%E6%B6%B2%E7%8A%B6%E5%8C%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F1-1024x1009.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3487\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comparison with Pile Foundation Methods<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With conventional pile foundations, ground settlement due to liquefaction may cause pile heads to become exposed.<br>\nIn such conditions, resistance to lateral forces is reduced, which may lead to pile damage or deformation and have a serious impact on the building.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large ptn_fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F5-761x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3488\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>*Source: Jiban Net Co., Ltd.<\/em><br><em>Exposed pile heads due to ground settlement caused by liquefaction<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In contrast, shallow ground improvement methods such as the TNF method are considered effective countermeasures against liquefaction.<br>\nIt is said that building damage becomes most severe when liquefaction occurs in soil layers up to approximately 6 meters below ground level.<br>\nThe TNF method improves the ground approximately 2\u20133 meters beneath the building, increasing the strength of liquefaction-prone layers and suppressing the reduction in ground bearing capacity due to seismic motion, thereby mitigating differential settlement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F6-1024x279.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3490\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Noto Peninsula Earthquake Survey<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Noto Peninsula Earthquake that occurred in January 2024, we compared the damage conditions of buildings constructed with the TNF method and those using other methods within the same block.<br>\nAs a result of the survey, no liquefaction damage was confirmed in buildings using the TNF method, demonstrating its effectiveness as a liquefaction countermeasure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large ptn_fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F7-1024x834.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3491\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>(Figure) Sakai, Nishi Ward, Niigata City (Liquefaction-prone area)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Buildings using other methods<\/strong>: Sand boils and cracks caused by liquefaction occurred, resulting in business suspension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group ptn_fig2 is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-549e1f2d wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">\n  \n  <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"659\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_2797-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3504\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_2797-1.png 659w, https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_2797-1-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 659px) 100vw, 659px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Sand boils caused by liquefaction<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n  \n\n  \n  <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3506\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ground settlement and cracks<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n  \n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Buildings using the TNF method<\/strong>: No liquefaction damage; normal business operations continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group ptn_fig2 is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-549e1f2d wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">\n  \n  <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"608\" height=\"476\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Mask-group.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3495\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Mask-group.png 608w, https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Mask-group-300x235.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 608px) 100vw, 608px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>No liquefaction damage in TNF-applied area (business as usual)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n  \n\n  \n  <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"710\" height=\"554\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Mask-group-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3496\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Mask-group-1.png 710w, https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Mask-group-1-300x234.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/><\/figure>\n  \n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"c_btn wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/earthquake\/noto\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"3139\">[Earthquake] Noto Peninsula Earthquake Survey<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Liquefaction Analysis Using FEM<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We evaluate liquefaction damage risk using FEM time-history response analysis with a 3D ground model. This analysis enables high-precision understanding of stress distribution and deformation behavior even under complex ground conditions, allowing quantitative verification of the effectiveness of liquefaction countermeasures at the design stage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large ptn_fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/%E5%9C%B0%E7%9B%A4%EF%BC%93D%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB-1024x710.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3497\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>3D ground model<\/em><br><em>*Stratigraphy reproduced based on borehole data from multiple locations obtained through ground investigation<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Liquefaction Risk Evaluation Index<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the analysis, \u201cshear strain amplitude\u201d is calculated based on the design guidelines of the Architectural Institute of Japan and used to evaluate liquefaction risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to building standards:<br>\n\u30fbShear strain amplitude less than 5%: Low liquefaction risk<br>\n\u30fbShear strain amplitude 5% or greater: Increased liquefaction risk\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quantitative Evaluation of the Liquefaction Mitigation Effect of the TNF 2.0 Method We verify the effectiveness of the TNF 2.0 method against liquefaction through FEM analysis and reflect the results in our designs. Liquefaction risk is evaluated using \u201cshear strain amplitude\u201d as an indicator, contributing to safe and reliable structural design. Evaluation of Liquefaction Risk [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3484,"parent":3137,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3145","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3145","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3145"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3145\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4680,"href":"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3145\/revisions\/4680"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3137"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3484"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.takeuchi-const.co.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3145"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}